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supernovae and cosmic gamma-ray bursts

The explosive phenomena in the sky are becoming more diverse '

From: Stars and Space, March 2011

When stars end as supernovae, they release a few seconds as much energy as the sun in five billion years of their previous existence. Where does this enormous amount of energy? How are the explosions inside the star from them and how the energy released is emitted to the environment? These burning questions examined during the current research.

systematically comb through the sky, astronomers searching for supernovae, the explosive, highly luminous phenomena, which stars end up with their many millions of years continued peaceful development. They are still discovering new mechanisms, such as stars can die as supernovae. The explosive phenomena appear to be unexpectedly diverse. The new findings bring great challenges to current theoretical models with it.

In some cases, the explosion energy even ten to hundred times high as normal, sometimes accompanied by an enormous luminous flash, which alone can already contain all the energy of an ordinary supernova. Since the radiation of high energy bursts in the gamma range, say the astronomers of GRB-supernovae. About these and other unexpected observations report Hans-Thomas Janka, Sylvio Klose and Friedrich Röpke in the March issue of "Stars and Space". Janka and Röpke work at the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics in Garching, Klose research at the Thuringian State Observatory. The three authors devoted years of research of supernovae and their manifestations.

supernovae are much more than distant, exotic phenomena in the sky. Without them there would be no rocky planets like our Earth still known vertebrates or even humans. While the bright and energetic explosions hurled with tremendous force matter into the surrounding space. In this case, the distribution of stellar evolution hatched during heavy chemical elements in the universe - including the iron, which is part of our red blood cells, and helps to transport the vital oxygen from the lungs to all organs.

More and more types of stars seem to threaten an end to their existence as a supernova. In many cases, becoming in the course of stellar evolution, the gravitational energy of the upper hand, so the star collapses into itself. To suffering such gravitational collapse, a star must be very massive and combine at least eight to ten solar masses in itself. This may involve a compact object with extremely high density, such as a neutron star or a black hole. For massive stars run from the development of star formation to supernova very quickly. Why are gravitational collapse supernovae only in young stars before.

in the remains of some historical supernovae in our galaxy, but there are no compact remnant of a dead star. It must therefore still be a fundamentally different mechanism in which no compact object is created, and which is found in old stellar populations. In these cases is not enough energy from gravity, but is released by the atomic nuclei of the star fuse together, and almost all within a few seconds. Such supernovae, in which the entire star is disrupted, can be seen for example in white dwarfs in close binary systems. White dwarfs are remnants of old less massive stars, only about as big as Earth, but as massive as the sun.

The authors Hans-Thomas Janka, Sylvio Klose and Friedrich Röpke cars in the March edition of "Stars and Space", a classification of all known supernova types, which also includes new forms as the singular "Hypernova." In such explosions is the speed of the ejected gas is extremely high and the explosion energy fifty times higher than in normal supernovae. In some cases, such "Hypernova" seen in connection with GRBs.